Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Article 3 Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 4 No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Article 6 Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article 8 Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 9 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10 Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
Article 11 1.) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. 2.) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.
Article 12 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
Article 13 1.) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. 2.) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.
Article 14 1.) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. 2.) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 15 1.) Everyone has the right to a nationality. 2.) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
Article 16 1.) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. 2.) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. 3.) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
Article 17 1.) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. 2.) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article 18 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
Article 19 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20 1.) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. 2.) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Article 21 1.) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. 2.) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. 3.) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.
Article 22 Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Article 23 1.) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. 2.) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. 3.) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. 4.) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Article 24 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
Article 25 1.) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 2.) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
Article 26 1.) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. 2.) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. 3.) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.
Article 27 1.) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. 2.) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
Article 28 Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 29 1.) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. 2.) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 30 Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
The concepts of nationality and the right to self-determination are closely intertwined, especially in international law and political discourse:
Definition: Nationality refers to the legal bond between an individual and a state, conferring certain rights and responsibilities. It's a status that provides a person with legal identity and protection by a state.
Legal Framework:
Definition: The right to self-determination is the principle that a people, defined as a group with a common identity, should be free to choose their political status and to determine their economic, social, and cultural development without interference.
Legal Basis:
UN Charter: Article 1(2) states that one of the purposes of the UN is to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR): Both mention the right of all peoples to self-determination in their common Article 1.
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1960): This resolution by the UN General Assembly affirmed the right of all people to self-determination.
Formation of States: The right to self-determination can lead to the creation of new states or the redefinition of existing ones, which directly impacts who can claim nationality within those states. For instance, when new states are formed, they often define who their nationals are based on various criteria like ethnicity, language, historical connection, or residence.
National Identity: Self-determination often revolves around the desire of a group to define or redefine their national identity, which might include establishing a state where their nationality can be legally recognized and protected.
International Recognition: The international community's recognition of a group's right to self-determination can lead to the acknowledgment of that group's nationality. For example, when a territory gains independence, the international recognition of that statehood includes recognizing its capacity to confer nationality.
Statelessness and Rights: For groups seeking self-determination, the lack of recognized statehood can lead to issues of statelessness among its people, complicating their legal status, rights, and protection.
Referendums and Votes: Sometimes, self-determination is exercised through referendums or votes to decide on independence or autonomy, which can directly affect questions of nationality. The results of such votes might lead to new nationality laws or changes in citizenship.
Conflict and Negotiation: The path to self-determination can be fraught with conflict. Negotiations over self-determination might involve discussions about nationality, citizenship rights, and the treatment of minorities within the new or altered state boundaries.
The relationship between nationality and self-determination underscores the importance of identity, rights, and sovereignty. While nationality provides an individual legal identity, the right to self-determination seeks to ensure that groups have the freedom to define or redefine that identity on a collective level. However, this interaction can lead to complex legal, political, and humanitarian issues, especially when claims to self-determination overlap with existing state territories or when there's contention over who constitutes 'the people' with this right.
讛讛讻专讝讛 讛讗讜谞讬讘专住诇讬转 讘讚讘专 讝讻讜讬讜转 讛讗讚诐 住注讬祝 1 讻诇 讘谞讬 讛讗讚诐 谞讜诇讚讜 讞讜驻砖讬讬诐 讜砖讜讜讬诐 讘讻讘讜讚 讜讘讝讻讜讬讜转. 讛诐 谞讬讞谞讬诐 讘讛讬讙讬讜谉 讜讘诪爪驻讜谉 讜爪专讬讻讬诐 诇驻注讜诇 讝讛 讻诇驻讬 讝讛 讘专讜讞 砖诇 讗讞讜讜讛.
住注讬祝 2 讻诇 讗讚诐 讝讻讗讬 诇讻诇 讛讝讻讜讬讜转 讜讛讞讬专讜讬讜转 讛诪驻讜专讟讜转 讘讛爪讛专讛 讝讜, 诇诇讗 讛讘讚诇 诪讻诇 住讜讙 砖讛讜讗, 讻讙讜谉 讙讝注, 爪讘注, 诪讬谉, 砖驻讛, 讚转, 讚注讛 驻讜诇讬讟讬转 讗讜 讗讞专转, 诪讜爪讗 诇讗讜诪讬 讗讜 讞讘专转讬, 专讻讜砖, 诇讬讚讛 讗讜 诪注诪讚 讗讞专. 讬转专讛 诪讝讗转, 诇讗 转讬注砖讛 讛讘讞谞讛 注诇 讘住讬住 讛诪注诪讚 讛诪讚讬谞讬, 讛砖讬驻讜讟讬 讗讜 讛讘讬谞诇讗讜诪讬 砖诇 讛诪讚讬谞讛 讗讜 讛讟专讬讟讜专讬讛 砖讗诇讬讛诐 诪砖转讬讬讱 讗讚诐, 讘讬谉 讗诐 讛诐 注爪诪讗讬讬诐, 谞讗诪谞讜转讬讬诐, 讘诇转讬-诪诪砖诇转讬讬诐 讗讜 转讞转 讻诇 诪讙讘诇讛 讗讞专转 砖诇 专讬讘讜谞讜转.
住注讬祝 3 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讛讝讻讜转 诇讞讬讬诐, 诇讞讬专讜转 讜诇讘讬讟讞讜谉 讗讬砖讬.
住注讬祝 4 讗讬砖 诇讗 讬讜讞讝拽 讘注讘讚讜转 讗讜 讘注讘讚讜转; 注讘讚讜转 讜住讞专 注讘讚讬诐 讬讛讬讜 讗住讜专讬诐 讘讻诇 爪讜专讜转讬讛诐.
住注讬祝 5 讗祝 讗讞讚 诇讗 讬讛讬讛 谞转讜谉 诇注讬谞讜讬讬诐 讗讜 诇讬讞住 讗讜 注谞讬砖讛 讗讻讝专讬讬诐, 诇讗 讗谞讜砖讬讬诐 讗讜 诪砖驻讬诇讬诐.
住注讬祝 6 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讛讝讻讜转 诇讛讻专讛 讘讻诇 诪拽讜诐 讻讗讚诐 讘驻谞讬 讛讞讜拽.
住注讬祝 7 讻讜诇诐 砖讜讜讬诐 讘驻谞讬 讛讞讜拽 讜讝讻讗讬诐 诇诇讗 讻诇 讛驻诇讬讛 诇讛讙谞讛 砖讜讜讛 砖诇 讛讞讜拽. 讻讜诇诐 讝讻讗讬诐 诇讛讙谞讛 砖讜讜讛 诪驻谞讬 讻诇 讗驻诇讬讛 砖诪驻专讛 讛爪讛专讛 讝讜 讜诪驻谞讬 讻诇 讛住转讛 诇讗驻诇讬讛 讻讝讜.
住注讬祝 8 讻诇 讗讚诐 讝讻讗讬 诇住注讚 讬注讬诇 注诇 讬讚讬 讘转讬 讛讚讬谉 讛诇讗讜诪讬讬诐 讛诪讜住诪讻讬诐 讘讙讬谉 诪注砖讬诐 讛诪驻讬专讬诐 讗转 讝讻讜讬讜转 讛讬住讜讚 讛诪讜拽谞讜转 诇讜 注诇 驻讬 讛讞讜拽讛 讗讜 讛讞讜拽.
住注讬祝 9 讗讬砖 诇讗 讬讛讬讛 谞转讜谉 诇诪注爪专 砖专讬专讜转讬, 诇诪注爪专 讗讜 诇讙诇讜转.
住注讬祝 10 讻诇 讗讚诐 讝讻讗讬 讘砖讜讜讬讜谉 诪诇讗 诇讚讬讜谉 讛讜讙谉 讜驻讜诪讘讬 讘讘讬转 讚讬谉 讘诇转讬 转诇讜讬 讜讞住专 驻谞讬讜转, 讘拽讘讬注转 讝讻讜讬讜转讬讜 讜讞讜讘讜转讬讜 讜讘讻诇 讗讬砖讜诐 驻诇讬诇讬 谞讙讚讜.
住注讬祝 11 1.) 讻诇 诪讬 砖讛讜讗砖诐 讘注讘讬专讛 注讜谞砖讬转 讝讻讗讬 诇讛讬讞砖讘 讞祝 诪驻砖注 注讚 砖转讜讻讞 讗砖诪转讜 注诇 驻讬 讚讬谉 讘诪砖驻讟 驻讜诪讘讬 砖讘讜 讛讬讜 诇讜 讻诇 讛注专讘讜讬讜转 讛讚专讜砖讜转 诇讛讙谞转讜.
2.) 讗讬砖 诇讗 讬讜讞讝拽 讗砖诐 讘注讘讬专讛 注讜谞砖讬转 讻诇砖讛讬 讘砖诇 讻诇 诪注砖讛 讗讜 诪讞讚诇 砖诇讗 讛讬讜讜 注讘讬专讛 注讜谞砖讬转, 诇驻讬 讛讞讜拽 讛诇讗讜诪讬 讗讜 讛讘讬谞诇讗讜诪讬, 讘讝诪谉 讘讬爪讜注诐. 讻诪讜 讻谉, 诇讗 讬讜讟诇 注讜谞砖 讻讘讚 诪讝讛 砖讛讬讛 谞讛讜讙 讘注转 讘讬爪讜注 讛注讘讬专讛 讛注讜谞砖讬转.
住注讬祝 12 讗讬砖 诇讗 讬讛讬讛 谞转讜谉 诇讛转注专讘讜转 砖专讬专讜转讬转 讘驻专讟讬讜转讜, 讘诪砖驻讞转讜, 讘讘讬转讜 讗讜 讘讛转讻转讘讜讬讜转 砖诇讜, 讜讗祝 诇讗 诇讛转拽驻讜转 注诇 讻讘讜讚讜 讜砖讬诪讜 讛讟讜讘. 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讬砖 讝讻讜转 诇讛讙谞转 讛讞讜拽 诪驻谞讬 讛驻专注讜转 讗讜 讛转拽驻讜转 讻讗诇讛.
住注讬祝 13 1.) 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讛讝讻讜转 诇讞讜驻砖 转谞讜注讛 讜诪讙讜专讬诐 讘讙讘讜诇讜转 讻诇 诪讚讬谞讛.
2.) 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讛讝讻讜转 诇注讝讜讘 讻诇 诪讚讬谞讛, 诇专讘讜转 砖诇讜, 讜诇讞讝讜专 诇讗专爪讜.
住注讬祝 14 1.) 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讛讝讻讜转 诇讘拽砖 讜诇讬讛谞讜转 讘诪讚讬谞讜转 讗讞专讜转 诪诪拽诇讟 诪专讚讬驻讜转.
2.) 讗讬谉 诇讛驻注讬诇 讝讻讜转 讝讜 讘诪拽专讛 砖诇 讛注诪讚讛 诇讚讬谉 讛谞讜讘注讜转 诪诪砖 诪驻砖注讬诐 诇讗 驻讜诇讬讟讬讬诐 讗讜 诪诪注砖讬诐 讛诪谞讜讙讚讬诐 诇诪讟专讜转 讜诇注拽专讜谞讜转 砖诇 讛讗讜诪讜转 讛诪讗讜讞讚讜转.
住注讬祝 15 1.) 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讬砖 讝讻讜转 诇讗讜诐.
2.) 讗讬谉 诇砖诇讜诇 诪讗讬砖 讗转 讗讝专讞讜转讜 讘讗讜驻谉 砖专讬专讜转讬 讜诇讗 诇砖诇讜诇 诪诪谞讜 讗转 讛讝讻讜转 诇砖谞讜转 讗转 讗讝专讞讜转讜.
住注讬祝 16 1.) 诇讙讘专讬诐 讜诇谞砖讬诐 讘讙讬诇 诪诇讗, 诇诇讗 讻诇 讛讙讘诇讛 讘砖诇 讙讝注, 诇讗讜诐 讗讜 讚转, 讬砖 讝讻讜转 诇讛讬谞砖讗 讜诇讛拽讬诐 诪砖驻讞讛. 讛诐 讝讻讗讬诐 诇砖讜讜讬讜谉 讝讻讜讬讜转 讘讗砖专 诇谞讬砖讜讗讬谉, 讘诪讛诇讱 讛谞讬砖讜讗讬谉 讜讘注转 驻讬专讜拽诐.
2.) 谞讬砖讜讗讬谉 讬讬注专讻讜 专拽 讘讛住讻诪讛 讞讜驻砖讬转 讜诪诇讗讛 砖诇 讘谞讬 讛讝讜讙 讛诪转讻讜讜谞讬诐.
3.) 讛诪砖驻讞讛 讛讬讗 讛讬讞讬讚讛 讛拽讘讜爪转讬转 讛讟讘注讬转 讜讛讬住讜讚讬转 砖诇 讛讞讘专讛 讜讛讬讗 讝讻讗讬转 诇讛讙谞讛 诪爪讚 讛讞讘专讛 讜讛诪讚讬谞讛.
住注讬祝 17 1.) 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讬砖 讝讻讜转 诇讛讞讝讬拽 讘专讻讜砖 诇讘讚讜 讻诪讜 讙诐 讘砖讬转讜祝 注诐 讗讞专讬诐.
2.) 讗讬谉 诇砖诇讜诇 诪讗讬砖 讗转 专讻讜砖讜 讘讗讜驻谉 砖专讬专讜转讬.
住注讬祝 18 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讬砖 讝讻讜转 诇讞讜驻砖 诪讞砖讘讛, 诪爪驻讜谉 讜讚转; 讝讻讜转 讝讜 讻讜诇诇转 讞讬专讜转 诇砖谞讜转 讗转 讚转讜 讗讜 讗诪讜谞转讜, 讜讞讬专讜转, 诇讘讚 讗讜 讘拽讛讬诇讛 注诐 讗讞专讬诐 讜讘爪讬讘讜专 讗讜 驻专讟讬, 诇讘讟讗 讗转 讚转讜 讗讜 讗诪讜谞转讜 讘讛讜专讗讛, 转专讙讜诇, 驻讜诇讞谉 讜拽讬讜诐 诪爪讜讜转.
住注讬祝 19 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讬砖 讝讻讜转 诇讞讜驻砖 讛讚注讛 讜讛讘讬讟讜讬; 讝讻讜转 讝讜 讻讜诇诇转 讞讜驻砖 诇讛讞讝讬拽 讘讚注讜转 诇诇讗 讛驻专注讛 讜诇讞驻砖, 诇拽讘诇 讜诇诪住讜专 诪讬讚注 讜专注讬讜谞讜转 讘讻诇 讗诪爪注讬 转拽砖讜专转 讜诇诇讗 拽砖专 诇讙讘讜诇讜转.
住注讬祝 20 1.) 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讛讝讻讜转 诇讞讜驻砖 讛转讻谞住讜转 讜讛转讗讙讚讜转 讘讚专讻讬 砖诇讜诐.
2.) 讗讬谉 诇讻驻讜转 注诇 讗讚诐 诇讛砖转讬讬讱 诇注诪讜转讛.
住注讬祝 21 1.) 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讛讝讻讜转 诇拽讞转 讞诇拽 讘诪诪砖诇转 讗专爪讜, 讬砖讬专讜转 讗讜 讘讗诪爪注讜转 谞爪讬讙讬诐 砖谞讘讞专讜 讘讗讜驻谉 讞讜驻砖讬.
2.) 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讬砖 讝讻讜转 讙讬砖讛 砖讜讜讛 诇砖讬专讜转 讛爪讬讘讜专讬 讘讗专爪讜.
3.) 专爪讜谉 讛注诐 讬讛讬讛 讛讘住讬住 诇住诪讻讜转 讛砖诇讟讜谉; 专爪讜谉 讝讛 讬讘讜讗 诇讬讚讬 讘讬讟讜讬 讘讘讞讬专讜转 转拽讜驻转讬讜转 讜讗诪讬转讬讜转 砖讬讛讬讜 讘讘讞讬专讛 讻诇诇讬转 讜砖讜讜讬讜谞讬转 讜讬转拽讬讬诪讜 讘讛爪讘注讛 讞砖讗讬转 讗讜 讘讛诇讬讻讬 讛爪讘注讛 讞讜驻砖讬讬诐 诪拽讘讬诇讬诐.
住注讬祝 22 讻诇 讗讞讚, 讻讞讘专 讘讞讘专讛, 讝讻讗讬 诇讘讬讟讞讜谉 住讜爪讬讗诇讬 讜讝讻讗讬 诇诪讬诪讜砖, 讘讗诪爪注讜转 诪讗诪抓 诇讗讜诪讬 讜砖讬转讜祝 驻注讜诇讛 讘讬谞诇讗讜诪讬 讜讘讛转讗诐 诇讗专讙讜谉 讜诇诪砖讗讘讬诐 砖诇 讻诇 诪讚讬谞讛, 砖诇 讛讝讻讜讬讜转 讛讻诇讻诇讬讜转, 讛讞讘专转讬讜转 讜讛转专讘讜转讬讜转 讛讞讬讜谞讬讜转 注讘讜专 讻讘讜讚讜 讜讛讛转驻转讞讜转 讛讞讜驻砖讬转 砖诇 讗讬砖讬讜转讜.
住注讬祝 23 1.) 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讛讝讻讜转 诇注讘讜讚, 诇讘讞讬专讛 讞讜驻砖讬转 讘注讘讜讚讛, 诇转谞讗讬 注讘讜讚讛 爪讜讚拽讬诐 讜谞讜讞讬诐 讜诇讛讙谞讛 诪驻谞讬 讗讘讟诇讛.
2.) 诇讻诇 讗讚诐, 诇诇讗 讻诇 讗驻诇讬讛, 讛讝讻讜转 诇砖讻专 砖讜讜讛 注讘讜专 注讘讜讚讛 砖讜讜讛.
4.) 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讛讝讻讜转 诇讛拽讬诐 讜诇讛爪讟专祝 诇讗讬讙讜讚讬诐 诪拽爪讜注讬讬诐 诇诪注谉 讛讙谞讛 注诇 讛讗讬谞讟专住讬诐 砖诇讜.
住注讬祝 24 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讬砖 讝讻讜转 诇诪谞讜讞讛 讜驻谞讗讬, 诇专讘讜转 讛讙讘诇讛 住讘讬专讛 砖诇 砖注讜转 注讘讜讚讛 讜讞讙讬诐 转拽讜驻转讬讬诐 讘砖讻专.
住注讬祝 25 1. 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讛讝讻讜转 诇专诪转 讞讬讬诐 谞讗讜转讛 诇讘专讬讗讜转讜 讜诇专讜讜讞转诐 砖诇 诪砖驻讞转讜, 诇专讘讜转 诪讝讜谉, 讘讬讙讜讚, 讚讬讜专 讜讟讬驻讜诇 专驻讜讗讬 讜砖讬专讜转讬诐 住讜爪讬讗诇讬讬诐 谞讞讜爪讬诐, 讜讛讝讻讜转 诇讘讬讟讞讜谉 讘诪拽专讛 砖诇 讗讘讟诇讛, 诪讞诇讛, 谞讻讜转, 讗诇诪谞讜转, 讝拽谞讛 讗讜 讞讜住专 驻专谞住讛 讗讞专 讘谞住讬讘讜转 砖讗讬谞谉 讘砖诇讬讟转讜.
2.) 讗讬诪讛讜转 讜讬诇讚讜转 讝讻讗讬讜转 诇讟讬驻讜诇 讜住讬讜注 诪讬讜讞讚讬诐. 讻诇 讛讬诇讚讬诐, 讘讬谉 讗诐 谞讜诇讚讜 讘谞讬砖讜讗讬谉 讜讘讬谉 讗诐 诪讞讜抓 诇讛诐, 讬讬讛谞讜 诪讗讜转讛 讛讙谞讛 住讜爪讬讗诇讬转.
住注讬祝 26 1.) 诇讻诇 讗讞讚 讬砖 讝讻讜转 诇讞讬谞讜讱. 讛讞讬谞讜讱 讬讛讬讛 讘讞讬谞诐, 诇驻讞讜转 讘砖诇讘讬诐 讛讬住讜讚讬讬诐 讜讛讘住讬住讬讬诐. 讞讬谞讜讱 讬住讜讚讬 讬讛讬讛 讞讜讘讛. 讛砖讻诇讛 讟讻谞讬转 讜诪拽爪讜注讬转 转讛讬讛 讝诪讬谞讛 讘讗讜驻谉 讻诇诇讬 讜讛讛砖讻诇讛 讛讙讘讜讛讛 转讛讬讛 谞讙讬砖讛 诇讻讜诇诐 讘讗讜转讛 诪讬讚讛 注诇 讘住讬住 讛讻砖专讜谉.
2.) 讛讞讬谞讜讱 讬讜驻谞讛 诇驻讬转讜讞 诪诇讗 砖诇 讗讬砖讬讜转 讛讗讚诐 讜诇讞讬讝讜拽 讻讬讘讜讚 讝讻讜讬讜转 讛讗讚诐 讜讞讬专讜讬讜转 讛讬住讜讚. 讛讬讗 转拽讚诐 讛讘谞讛, 住讜讘诇谞讜转 讜讬讚讬讚讜转 讘讬谉 讻诇 讛讗讜诪讜转, 讛拽讘讜爪讜转 讛讙讝注讬讜转 讗讜 讛讚转讬讜转, 讜转拽讚诐 讗转 驻注讬诇讜转 讛讗讜诪讜转 讛诪讗讜讞讚讜转 诇砖诪讬专讛 注诇 讛砖诇讜诐.
3.) 诇讛讜专讬诐 讬砖 讝讻讜转 诪讜拽讚诪转 诇讘讞讜专 讗转 住讜讙 讛讞讬谞讜讱 砖讬讬谞转谉 诇讬诇讚讬讛诐.
住注讬祝 27 1.) 诇讻诇 讗讚诐 讛讝讻讜转 诇讛砖转转祝 讘讗讜驻谉 讞讜驻砖讬 讘讞讬讬 讛转专讘讜转 砖诇 讛拽讛讬诇讛, 诇讬讛谞讜转 诪讛讗诪谞讜讬讜转 讜诇讛砖转转祝 讘拽讬讚讜诐 讛诪讚注讬 讜讘讬转专讜谞讜转讬讜.
2.) 讻诇 讗讚诐 讝讻讗讬 诇讛讙谞讛 注诇 讛讗讬谞讟专住讬诐 讛诪讜住专讬讬诐 讜讛讞讜诪专讬讬诐 讛谞讜讘注讬诐 诪讻诇 讬讬爪讜专 诪讚注讬, 住驻专讜转讬 讗讜 讗诪谞讜转讬 砖讛讜讗 讛讬讜爪专 砖诇讜.
住注讬祝 28 讻诇 讗讚诐 讝讻讗讬 诇住讚专 讞讘专转讬 讜讘讬谞诇讗讜诪讬 砖讘讜 谞讬转谉 诇诪诪砖 讘诪诇讜讗诐 讗转 讛讝讻讜讬讜转 讜讛讞讬专讜讬讜转 讛诪驻讜专讟讜转 讘讛讻专讝讛 讝讜.
住注讬祝 29 1.) 诇讻诇 讗讞讚 讬砖 讞讜讘讜转 诇拽讛讬诇讛 砖专拽 讘讛 诪转讗驻砖专 讛转驻转讞讜转 讞讜驻砖讬转 讜诪诇讗讛 砖诇 讗讬砖讬讜转讜.
2.) 讘诪讬诪讜砖 讝讻讜讬讜转讬讜 讜讞讬专讜讬讜转讬讜, 讻诇 讗讞讚 讬讛讬讛 讻驻讜祝 专拽 诇诪讙讘诇讜转 砖讬讬拽讘注讜 讘讞讜拽 讗讱 讜专拽 诇砖诐 讛讘讟讞转 讛讛讻专讛 讜讛讻讘讜讚 讛专讗讜讬讬诐 诇讝讻讜讬讜转 讜讞讬专讜讬讜转 砖诇 讗讞专讬诐 讜诇注诪讬讚讛 讘讚专讬砖讜转 讛诪讜住专 讛爪讜讚拽讜转. , 讛住讚专 讛爪讬讘讜专讬 讜讛专讜讜讞讛 讛讻诇诇讬转 讘讞讘专讛 讚诪讜拽专讟讬转.
3.) 讗讬谉 诇讛驻注讬诇 讝讻讜讬讜转 讜讞讬专讜讬讜转 讗诇讛 讘砖讜诐 诪拽专讛 讘谞讬讙讜讚 诇诪讟专讜转 讜诇注拽专讜谞讜转 砖诇 讛讗讜诪讜转 讛诪讗讜讞讚讜转.
住注讬祝 30 讗讬谉 诇驻专砖 砖讜诐 讚讘专 讘讛爪讛专讛 讝讜 讻诪专诪讝转 注诇 讻诇 诪讚讬谞讛, 拽讘讜爪讛 讗讜 讗讚诐 讻诇 讝讻讜转 诇注住讜拽 讘驻注讬诇讜转 讻诇砖讛讬 讗讜 诇讘爪注 驻注讜诇讛 讻诇砖讛讬 砖诪讟专转讛 诇讛砖诪讬讚 讻诇 讗讞转 诪讛讝讻讜讬讜转 讜讛讞讬专讜讬讜转 讛诪驻讜专讟讜转 讻讗谉
丕賱廿毓賱丕賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷 賱丨賯賵賯 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳
丕賱賲丕丿丞 1 賷賵賱丿 噩賲賷毓 丕賱亘卮乇 兀丨乇丕乇賸丕 賵賲鬲爻丕賵賷賳 賮賷 丕賱賰乇丕賲丞 賵丕賱丨賯賵賯. 賵賴賲 賷鬲賲鬲毓賵賳 亘丕賱毓賯賱 賵丕賱囟賲賷乇 賵毓賱賷賴賲 兀賳 賷毓丕賲賱賵丕 亘毓囟賴賲 亘毓囟賸丕 亘乇賵丨 丕賱廿禺丕亍.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 2 賱賰賱 廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱鬲賲鬲毓 亘噩賲賷毓 丕賱丨賯賵賯 賵丕賱丨乇賷丕鬲 丕賱賵丕乇丿丞 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱廿毓賱丕賳貙 丿賵賳 兀賷 鬲賲賷賷夭貙 賵賱丕 爻賷賲丕 丕賱鬲賲賷賷夭 亘爻亘亘 丕賱毓賳氐乇 兀賵 丕賱賱賵賳 兀賵 丕賱噩賳爻 兀賵 丕賱賱睾丞 兀賵 丕賱丿賷賳 兀賵 丕賱乇兀賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷 兀賵 睾賷乇 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷 兀賵 丕賱兀氐賱 丕賱賵胤賳賷 兀賵 丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷 兀賵 丕賱孬乇賵丞 兀賵 丕賱賲賷賱丕丿 兀賵 兀賷 賵囟毓 丌禺乇. 賵賮囟賱丕賸 毓賳 匕賱賰貙 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 丕賱鬲賲賷賷夭 毓賱賶 兀爻丕爻 丕賱賵囟毓 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷 兀賵 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賷 兀賵 丕賱丿賵賱賷 賱賱亘賱丿 兀賵 丕賱廿賯賱賷賲 丕賱匕賷 賷賳鬲賲賷 廿賱賷賴 丕賱卮禺氐貙 爻賵丕亍 賰丕賳 賲爻鬲賯賱丕賸 兀賵 鬲丨鬲 丕賱賵氐丕賷丞 兀賵 睾賷乇 賲鬲賲鬲毓 亘丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱匕丕鬲賷 兀賵 禺丕囟毓丕賸 賱兀賷 賯賷丿 丌禺乇 毓賱賶 爻賷丕丿鬲賴.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 3 賱賰賱 廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賵丕賱丨乇賷丞 賵丕賱兀賲賳 丕賱卮禺氐賷.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 4 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 丕爻鬲乇賯丕賯 兀丨丿 兀賵 丕爻鬲毓亘丕丿賴貙 賵賷丨馗乇 丕賱乇賯 賵鬲噩丕乇丞 丕賱乇賯賷賯 亘噩賲賷毓 兀卮賰丕賱賴賲丕.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 5 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 廿禺囟丕毓 兀丨丿 賱賱鬲毓匕賷亘 兀賵 丕賱賲毓丕賲賱丞 兀賵 丕賱毓賯賵亘丞 丕賱賯丕爻賷丞 兀賵 丕賱賱丕廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 兀賵 丕賱賲賴賷賳丞.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 6 賱賰賱 廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 兀賳 賷毓鬲乇賮 亘賴 賮賷 賰賱 賲賰丕賳 賰卮禺氐 兀賲丕賲 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 7 "丕賱噩賲賷毓 賲鬲爻丕賵賵賳 兀賲丕賲 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳 賵賱賴賲 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱鬲賲鬲毓 亘丨賲丕賷丞 賲鬲爻丕賵賷丞 賲賳 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳 丿賵賳 兀賷 鬲賲賷賷夭. 賵賱賴賲 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丨賲丕賷丞 賲鬲爻丕賵賷丞 囟丿 兀賷 鬲賲賷賷夭 賷賳鬲賴賰 賴匕丕 丕賱廿毓賱丕賳 賵囟丿 兀賷 鬲丨乇賷囟 毓賱賶 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賲賷賷夭."
丕賱賲丕丿丞 8 賱賰賱 廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱賱噩賵亍 廿賱賶 丕賱賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱賵胤賳賷丞 丕賱賲禺鬲氐丞 賱廿賳氐丕賮賴 丕賱賮毓賱賷 毓賳 丕賱兀毓賲丕賱 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳鬲賴賰 丕賱丨賯賵賯 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷賲賳丨賴丕 賱賴 丕賱丿爻鬲賵乇 兀賵 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 9 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 丕毓鬲賯丕賱 兀賷 廿賳爻丕賳 兀賵 丨噩夭賴 兀賵 賳賮賷賴 鬲毓爻賮丕賸.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 10 賱賰賱 廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱丨賯貙 毓賱賶 賯丿賲 丕賱賲爻丕賵丕丞 丕賱鬲丕賲丞貙 賮賷 賲丨丕賰賲丞 毓丕丿賱丞 賵毓賱賳賷丞 兀賲丕賲 賲丨賰賲丞 賲爻鬲賯賱丞 賵賳夭賷賴丞貙 賱賱賮氐賱 賮賷 丨賯賵賯賴 賵丕賱鬲夭丕賲丕鬲賴 賵兀賷丞 鬲賴賲丞 噩賳丕卅賷丞 鬲賵噩賴 廿賱賷賴.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 11 1.) 賰賱 卮禺氐 賲鬲賴賲 亘噩乇賷賲丞 賷毓鬲亘乇 亘乇賷卅丕賸 廿賱賶 兀賳 鬲孬亘鬲 廿丿丕賳鬲賴 賯丕賳賵賳丕賸 賮賷 賲丨丕賰賲丞 毓賱賳賷丞 鬲丐賲賳 賱賴 賮賷賴丕 賰賱 丕賱囟賲丕賳丕鬲 丕賱囟乇賵乇賷丞 賱賱丿賮丕毓 毓賳 賳賮爻賴.
2.) 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 廿丿丕賳丞 兀賷 卮禺氐 亘丕乇鬲賰丕亘 噩乇賷賲丞 噩賳丕卅賷丞 亘爻亘亘 兀賷 賮毓賱 兀賵 丕賲鬲賳丕毓 毓賳 賮毓賱 賱賲 賷賰賳 賷卮賰賱 噩乇賷賲丞 噩賳丕卅賷丞 亘賲賵噩亘 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳 丕賱賵胤賳賷 兀賵 丕賱丿賵賱賷 賵賯鬲 丕乇鬲賰丕亘賴. 賵賱丕 賷噩賵夭 賮乇囟 毓賯賵亘丞 兀卮丿 賲賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 爻丕乇賷丞 賵賯鬲 丕乇鬲賰丕亘 丕賱噩乇賷賲丞 丕賱噩賳丕卅賷丞.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 12 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 鬲毓乇賷囟 兀丨丿 賱鬲丿禺賱 鬲毓爻賮賷 賮賷 丨賷丕鬲賴 丕賱禺丕氐丞 兀賵 兀爻乇鬲賴 兀賵 賲爻賰賳賴 兀賵 賲乇丕爻賱丕鬲賴貙 兀賵 賱丨賲賱丕鬲 毓賱賶 卮乇賮賴 賵爻賲毓鬲賴. 賵賱賰賱 廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丨賲丕賷丞 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳 賲賳 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲丿禺賱 兀賵 鬲賱賰 丕賱丨賲賱丕鬲.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 13 1) 賱賰賱 賮乇丿 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丨乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賳賯賱 賵丕禺鬲賷丕乇 賲丨賱 廿賯丕賲鬲賴 丿丕禺賱 丨丿賵丿 賰賱 丿賵賱丞.
2) 賱賰賱 賮乇丿 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 賲睾丕丿乇丞 兀賷 亘賱丿貙 亘賲丕 賮賷 匕賱賰 亘賱丿賴貙 賵賮賷 丕賱毓賵丿丞 廿賱賶 亘賱丿賴.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 14 1) 賱賰賱 賮乇丿 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 兀賳 賷胤賱亘 賲賱噩兀 賮賷 亘賱丿丕賳 兀禺乇賶 兀賵 賷鬲賲鬲毓 亘賴 賴乇亘丕賸 賲賳 丕賱丕囟胤賴丕丿.
2) 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 丕賱鬲匕乇毓 亘賴匕丕 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 賯囟丕賷丕 賳丕卮卅丞 亘丕賱賮毓賱 毓賳 噩乇賷賲丞 睾賷乇 爻賷丕爻賷丞 兀賵 毓賳 兀毓賲丕賱 鬲賳丕賯囟 兀睾乇丕囟 丕賱兀賲賲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賵賲亘丕丿卅賴丕.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 15 1) 賱賰賱 賮乇丿 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱噩賳爻賷丞.
2) 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 丨乇賲丕賳 兀賷 卮禺氐 鬲毓爻賮丕賸 賲賳 噩賳爻賷鬲賴 兀賵 廿賳賰丕乇 丨賯賴 賮賷 鬲睾賷賷乇 噩賳爻賷鬲賴.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 16 1.) 賱賱乇噩丕賱 賵丕賱賳爻丕亍貙 毓賳丿 亘賱賵睾賴賲 爻賳 丕賱乇卮丿貙 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱夭賵丕噩 賵鬲兀爻賷爻 兀爻乇丞貙 丿賵賳 兀賷 賯賷丿 亘爻亘亘 丕賱毓乇賯 兀賵 丕賱噩賳爻賷丞 兀賵 丕賱丿賷賳. 賵賱賴賲 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丨賯賵賯 賲鬲爻丕賵賷丞 賮賷賲丕 賷鬲毓賱賯 亘丕賱夭賵丕噩貙 賵兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱夭賵丕噩 賵毓賳丿 丨賱賴.
2) 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 毓賯丿 丕賱夭賵丕噩 廿賱丕 亘賲賵丕賮賯丞 丕賱胤乇賮賷賳 丕賱乇丕睾亘賷賳 賮賷 丕賱夭賵丕噩 賲賵丕賮賯丞 賰丕賲賱丞 賱丕 廿賰乇丕賴 賮賷賴丕.
3) 丕賱兀爻乇丞 賴賷 丕賱賵丨丿丞 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞 賱賱賲噩鬲賲毓 賵賱賴丕 丨賯 丕賱鬲賲鬲毓 亘丨賲丕賷丞 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 賵丕賱丿賵賱丞.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 17 1) 賱賰賱 卮禺氐 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱鬲賲賱賰 亘賲賮乇丿賴 兀賵 亘丕賱丕卮鬲乇丕賰 賲毓 丌禺乇賷賳.
2) 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 丨乇賲丕賳 兀丨丿 賲賳 賲賱賰賴 鬲毓爻賮丕賸.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 18 賱賰賱 廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丨乇賷丞 丕賱賮賰乇 賵丕賱囟賲賷乇 賵丕賱丿賷賳貙 賵賷卮賲賱 賴匕丕 丕賱丨賯 丨乇賷丞 鬲睾賷賷乇 丿賷賳賴 兀賵 賲毓鬲賯丿賴貙 賵丨乇賷丞 廿馗賴丕乇 丿賷賳賴 兀賵 賲毓鬲賯丿賴 亘丕賱毓亘丕丿丞 賵廿賯丕賲丞 丕賱卮毓丕卅乇 賵丕賱賲賲丕乇爻丞 賵丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 亘賲賮乇丿賴 兀賵 賲毓 噩賲丕毓丞貙 賵兀賲丕賲 丕賱賲賱兀 兀賵 毓賱賶 丨丿丞.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 19 賱賰賱 廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丨乇賷丞 丕賱乇兀賷 賵丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇貙 賵賷卮賲賱 賴匕丕 丕賱丨賯 丨乇賷丞 丕毓鬲賳丕賯 丕賱丌乇丕亍 丿賵賳 兀賷 鬲丿禺賱貙 賵丕賱亘丨孬 毓賳 丕賱兀賳亘丕亍 賵丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 賵鬲賱賯賷賴丕 賵廿匕丕毓鬲賴丕 亘兀賷丞 賵爻賷賱丞 賵丿賵賳賲丕 丕毓鬲亘丕乇 賱賱丨丿賵丿.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 20 1) 賱賰賱 卮禺氐 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丨乇賷丞 丕賱丕卮鬲乇丕賰 賮賷 丕賱噩賲毓賷丕鬲 賵丕賱鬲噩賲毓丕鬲 丕賱爻賱賲賷丞.
2) 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 廿乇睾丕賲 兀丨丿 毓賱賶 丕賱丕賳囟賲丕賲 廿賱賶 噩賲毓賷丞 賲丕.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 21 1) 賱賰賱 賮乇丿 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱賲卮丕乇賰丞 賮賷 廿丿丕乇丞 丕賱卮丐賵賳 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賱亘賱丕丿賴貙 廿賲丕 賲亘丕卮乇丞 賵廿賲丕 亘賵丕爻胤丞 賲賲孬賱賷賳 賷禺鬲丕乇賵賳 亘丨乇賷丞.
2) 賱賰賱 卮禺氐貙 亘丕賱鬲爻丕賵賷 賲毓 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳貙 丨賯 鬲賯賱丿 丕賱賵馗丕卅賮 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賮賷 亘賱丿賴.
3.) 廿乇丕丿丞 丕賱卮毓亘 賴賷 兀爻丕爻 爻賱胤丞 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞貙 賵鬲鬲噩賱賶 賴匕賴 丕賱廿乇丕丿丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賳鬲禺丕亘丕鬲 丿賵乇賷丞 賵賳夭賷賴丞 鬲噩乇賷 亘丕賱丕賯鬲乇丕毓 丕賱毓丕賲 賵毓賱賶 賯丿賲 丕賱賲爻丕賵丕丞 賵亘丕賱鬲氐賵賷鬲 丕賱爻乇賷 兀賵 亘廿噩乇丕亍 賲賲丕孬賱 賷囟賲賳 丨乇賷丞 丕賱鬲氐賵賷鬲.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 22 "賱賰賱 卮禺氐貙 亘氐賮鬲賴 毓囟賵丕賸 賮賷 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓貙 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱囟賲丕賳 丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷貙 賵賮賷 兀賳 鬲丨賯賯 賱賴貙 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱賲噩賴賵丿 丕賱賯賵賲賷 賵丕賱鬲毓丕賵賳 丕賱丿賵賱賷貙 賵亘賲丕 賷鬲賮賯 賲毓 賴賷賰賱 賰賱 丿賵賱丞 賵賲賵丕乇丿賴丕貙 丕賱丨賯賵賯 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賵丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 睾賳賶 毓賳賴丕 賱賰乇丕賲鬲賴 賵賱賱賳賲賵 丕賱丨乇 賱卮禺氐賷鬲賴.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 23 1) 賱賰賱 卮禺氐 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱毓賲賱貙 賵賱賴 丨乇賷丞 丕禺鬲賷丕乇 毓賲賱賴貙 賵亘卮乇賵胤 毓丕丿賱丞 賵賲乇囟賷丞貙 賵亘丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 賲賳 丕賱亘胤丕賱丞.
2) 賱噩賲賷毓 丕賱賳丕爻貙 丿賵賳 兀賷 鬲賲賷賷夭貙 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 兀噩乇 賲鬲爻丕賵賺 賱賱毓賲賱 丕賱賲鬲爻丕賵賷.
3) 賱賰賱 卮禺氐 賷毓賲賱 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 兀噩乇 毓丕丿賱 賵賲乇囟 賷賰賮賱 賱賴 賵賱兀爻乇鬲賴 毓賷卮丞 賱丕卅賯丞 亘丕賱賰乇丕賲丞 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞貙 賵賷囟丕賮 廿賱賷賴貙 毓賳丿 丕賱囟乇賵乇丞貙 賵爻丕卅賱 兀禺乇賶 賱賱丨賲丕賷丞 丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞.
4) 賱賰賱 卮禺氐 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 廿賳卮丕亍 丕賱賳賯丕亘丕鬲 賵丕賱丕賳囟賲丕賲 廿賱賷賴丕 賲賳 兀噩賱 丨賲丕賷丞 賲氐丕賱丨賴.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 24 賱賰賱 卮禺氐 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱乇丕丨丞 賵兀賵賯丕鬲 丕賱賮乇丕睾貙 亘賲丕 賮賷 匕賱賰 鬲丨丿賷丿 賲毓賯賵賱 賱爻丕毓丕鬲 丕賱毓賲賱貙 賵賮賷 毓胤賱丕鬲 丿賵乇賷丞 賲丿賮賵毓丞 丕賱兀噩乇.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 25 1) 賱賰賱 卮禺氐 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 賲爻鬲賵賶 賲毓賷卮丞 賰丕賮 賱賱賲丨丕賮馗丞 毓賱賶 丕賱氐丨丞 賵丕賱乇賮丕賴丞 賱賴 賵賱兀爻乇鬲賴貙 賵禺丕氐丞 毓賱賶 氐毓賷丿 丕賱睾匕丕亍 賵丕賱賲賱亘爻 賵丕賱賲爻賰賳 賵丕賱乇毓丕賷丞 丕賱胤亘賷丞 賵丕賱禺丿賲丕鬲 丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 丕賱囟乇賵乇賷丞貙 賵賱賴 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱鬲兀賲賷賳 囟丿 丕賱亘胤丕賱丞 兀賵 丕賱賲乇囟 兀賵 丕賱毓噩夭 兀賵 丕賱鬲乇賲賱 兀賵 丕賱卮賷禺賵禺丞 兀賵 睾賷乇 匕賱賰 賲賳 丕賱馗乇賵賮 丕賱禺丕乇噩丞 毓賳 廿乇丕丿鬲賴 賵丕賱鬲賷 鬲賮賯丿賴 兀爻亘丕亘 毓賷卮賴.
2) 賱賱兀賲賵賲丞 賵丕賱胤賮賵賱丞 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 乇毓丕賷丞 賵賲爻丕毓丿丞 禺丕氐鬲賷賳. 賵賷鬲賲鬲毓 噩賲賷毓 丕賱兀胤賮丕賱貙 爻賵丕亍 賵賱丿賵丕 賮賷 廿胤丕乇 丕賱夭賵噩賷丞 兀賵 禺丕乇噩賴丕貙 亘賳賮爻 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 26 1.) 賱賰賱 卮禺氐 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲. 賵賷噩亘 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賲噩丕賳賷賸丕貙 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賯賱 賮賷 賲乇丕丨賱賴 丕賱丕亘鬲丿丕卅賷丞 賵丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞. 賵賷噩亘 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱丕亘鬲丿丕卅賷 廿賱夭丕賲賷賸丕. 賵賷噩亘 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱賮賳賷 賵丕賱賲賴賳賷 賲鬲丕丨賸丕 賱賱毓丕賲丞貙 賵賷噩亘 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱毓丕賱賷 賲鬲丕丨賸丕 賱賱噩賲賷毓 毓賱賶 賯丿賲 丕賱賲爻丕賵丕丞 毓賱賶 兀爻丕爻 丕賱賰賮丕亍丞.
2) 賷賴丿賮 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲賳賲賷丞 丕賱賰丕賲賱丞 賱賱卮禺氐賷丞 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 賵鬲毓夭賷夭 丕丨鬲乇丕賲 丨賯賵賯 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵丕賱丨乇賷丕鬲 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞貙 賵鬲毓夭賷夭 丕賱鬲賮丕賴賲 賵丕賱鬲爻丕賲丨 賵丕賱氐丿丕賯丞 亘賷賳 噩賲賷毓 丕賱兀賲賲 賵丕賱噩賲丕毓丕鬲 丕賱毓賳氐乇賷丞 兀賵 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞貙 賵丿毓賲 兀賳卮胤丞 丕賱兀賲賲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賲賳 兀噩賱 氐賷丕賳丞 丕賱爻賱丕賲.
3) 賱賱賵丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱丨賯 丕賱兀賵賱 賮賷 丕禺鬲賷丕乇 賳賵毓 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱匕賷 賷毓胤賶 賱兀亘賳丕卅賴賲.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 27 1) 賱賰賱 卮禺氐 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱賲卮丕乇賰丞 丕賱丨乇丞 賮賷 丨賷丕丞 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞貙 賵賮賷 丕賱丕爻鬲賲鬲丕毓 亘丕賱賮賳賵賳貙 賵丕賱賲爻丕賴賲丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲賯丿賲 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賵丕賱丕爻鬲賮丕丿丞 賲賳 賳鬲丕卅噩賴.
2) 賱賰賱 卮禺氐 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丨賲丕賷丞 丕賱賲氐丕賱丨 丕賱賲毓賳賵賷丞 賵丕賱賲丕丿賷丞 丕賱賲鬲乇鬲亘丞 毓賱賶 兀賷 廿賳鬲丕噩 毓賱賲賷 兀賵 兀丿亘賷 兀賵 賮賳賷 賴賵 賲丐賱賮賴.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 28 賱賰賱 廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 丕賱鬲賲鬲毓 亘賳馗丕賲 丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷 賵丿賵賱賷 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲鬲丨賯賯 賮賷 馗賱賴 丕賱丨賯賵賯 賵丕賱丨乇賷丕鬲 丕賱賲賳氐賵氐 毓賱賷賴丕 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱廿毓賱丕賳 鬲丨賯賯丕賸 賰丕賲賱丕賸.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 29 1) 毓賱賶 賰賱 賮乇丿 賵丕噩亘丕鬲 賳丨賵 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱匕賷 賷鬲丕丨 賮賷賴 賵丨丿賴 賱卮禺氐賷鬲賴 兀賳 鬲賳賲賵 賳賲賵丕賸 丨乇丕賸 賰丕賲賱丕賸.
2) 賱丕 賷禺囟毓 兀賷 廿賳爻丕賳 賮賷 賲賲丕乇爻鬲賴 賱丨賯賵賯賴 賵丨乇賷丕鬲賴 廿賱丕 賱賱賯賷賵丿 丕賱鬲賷 賷賯乇乇賴丕 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳 賮賯胤 亘賴丿賮 囟賲丕賳 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕賮 亘丨賯賵賯 賵丨乇賷丕鬲 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賵丕丨鬲乇丕賲賴丕 賵鬲賱亘賷丞 丕賱賲賯鬲囟賷丕鬲 丕賱毓丕丿賱丞 賱賱兀禺賱丕賯 賵丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱毓丕賲 賵丕賱乇賮丕賴賷丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賮賷 賲噩鬲賲毓 丿賷賲賯乇丕胤賷.
3) 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 賮賷 兀賷 丨丕賱 賲賳 丕賱兀丨賵丕賱 賲賲丕乇爻丞 賴匕賴 丕賱丨賯賵賯 賵丕賱丨乇賷丕鬲 毓賱賶 賳丨賵 賷鬲毓丕乇囟 賲毓 兀睾乇丕囟 賵賲亘丕丿卅 丕賱兀賲賲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞.
丕賱賲丕丿丞 30 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 鬲賮爻賷乇 兀賷 卮賷亍 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱廿毓賱丕賳 毓賱賶 兀賳賴 賷賲賳丨 兀賷丞 丿賵賱丞 兀賵 噩賲丕毓丞 兀賵 賮乇丿 兀賷 丨賯 賮賷 丕賱賯賷丕賲 亘兀賷 賳卮丕胤 兀賵 丕賱賯賷丕賲 亘兀賷 毓賲賱 賷賴丿賮 廿賱賶 鬲丿賲賷乇 兀賷 賲賳 丕賱丨賯賵賯 賵丕賱丨乇賷丕鬲 丕賱賲賳氐賵氐 毓賱賷賴丕 賮賷賴.
Human rights are universal, inherent to every individual without discrimination; inalienable, meaning that no one can take them away; indivisible and interrelated, with all rights having equal status and being necessary to protect human dignity.
The enforcement of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) involves multiple actors and layers of responsibility:
National Governments:
United Nations Bodies:
International Courts and Tribunals:
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):
Regional Human Rights Mechanisms:
International Community:
Individuals and Civil Society:
However, the UDHR itself is a declaration and not legally binding in the same way as treaties or covenants. Its principles, though, have been incorporated into many national constitutions and international treaties, giving it a strong moral and legal influence. Enforcement often comes down to the willingness of states to adhere to these principles, the effectiveness of international mechanisms, and the activism of civil society and NGOs. The lack of a global enforcement mechanism for the UDHR directly means that the actual protection of these rights can vary widely by country and situation.
Yes, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) applies to all human beings, including Palestinians. The UDHR is based on the principle of universality, meaning that the rights and freedoms it outlines are applicable to everyone, everywhere, without distinction of any kind. Here are some key points regarding its application:
Universal Application: Article 2 explicitly states that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.
No Exceptions for Nationality or Territory: Further, it specifies that no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. This means that Palestinians, regardless of their territorial or political status, are entitled to these rights.
Rights to Self-Determination and Human Dignity: Many of the rights outlined, like the right to life, liberty, security of person, freedom from torture, equality before the law, and the rights to privacy, movement, nationality, and asylum, directly relate to issues often discussed in the context of Palestinian territories.
Implementation Challenges: While the UDHR sets out a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations, the actual enforcement and protection of these rights depend on national governments, international bodies, and sometimes non-governmental organizations. The situation in any conflict area, including regions involving Palestinian populations, often shows the gap between these rights in theory and their practical implementation.
International Responsibility: The international community, including states and organizations like the United Nations, has responsibilities to promote and protect these rights. This includes ensuring that all parties in any conflict adhere to international human rights law and humanitarian law.
The application of human rights in conflict zones like the Palestinian territories often becomes a focal point in international dialogue, with advocacy groups and human rights organizations frequently calling for adherence to these universal standards. However, the practical realization of these rights can be complex, involving issues of international law, diplomacy, and security concerns.
If you have more specific questions about how these rights apply or are perceived to apply in certain contexts, please feel free to ask.